;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$EatingEvent (#$isa #$EatingEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$EatingEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EatingEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$EatingEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$EatingEvent #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink) (#$comment #$EatingEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of a substantial portion of food by a single individual (human or other animal). An instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual #$EatingAMorsel events. Note: If a group of people gets together and eats lunch, that activity is represented by an instance of #$HavingAMeal; during that `super-event' each participant engages in his/her own instance of #$EatingEvent, and all of those are #$subEvents of the #$HavingAMeal event.") ;;; #$EcholocationPerception (#$isa #$EcholocationPerception #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$EcholocationPerception #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$EcholocationPerception "#$EcholocationPerception is the collection of spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra- or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the position of other objects in its environment.") ;;; #$EcologicalRegion (#$isa #$EcologicalRegion #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EcologicalRegion #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$EcologicalRegion "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.") ;;; #$EdgeOnObject (#$isa #$EdgeOnObject #$RegionType) (#$genls #$EdgeOnObject #$Path-Simple) (#$genls #$EdgeOnObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$EdgeOnObject "The collection of all edges on objects. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge; a typical sheet has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges.") ;;; #$EdiblePartFn (#$isa #$EdiblePartFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EdiblePartFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$EdiblePartFn #$EdibleStuff) (#$arg1Isa #$EdiblePartFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$EdiblePartFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$EdiblePartFn "The Cyc function #$EdiblePartFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. When applied to a set of tangible objects OBJ-TYPE, (#$EdiblePartFn OBJ-TYPE) represents the collection of all the edible parts of objects of OBJ-TYPE. This collection includes any #$EdibleStuff (i.e., edible by humans or koalas or whatever the current microtheory is talking about) that is part of instances of OBJ-TYPE. To represent only parts that humans eat, we may restrict the #$resultGenl to a specialized subset of #$FoodAndDrink defined in #$HumanActivitiesMt or other appropriate microtheory. Examples: the collection (#$EdiblePartFn #$Apple-TheFruit) includes the skin and flesh of all apples, but not --- in the #$HumanActivitiesMt --- the instances of #$Stem or #$Seed found in them; the collection (#$EdiblePartFn #$Egg-Chickens) includes the yolks and whites of chicken eggs, but does not --- in the #$HumanActivitiesMt --- include any instances of #$Eggshell. Because of cultural or philosophical preferences and prohibitions about food, exactly what parts are edible may differ in different human cultural microtheories; e.g., in a FundamentalistJewish or FundamentalistIslamic cultural #$Microtheory, the function call (#$EdiblePartFn #$Pig) would return NIL; in a vegan #$Microtheory, even (#$EdiblePartFn #$Animal) would return NIL.") ;;; #$EdibleStuff (#$isa #$EdibleStuff #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$EdibleStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$genls #$EdibleStuff #$ConsumableProduct) (#$comment #$EdibleStuff "A collection of tangible stuff. Each instance of #$EdibleStuff is, by default, an item that is ingestible and palatable by most macroscopic animals. #$EdibleStuff includes food and drink, but also other things, such as nutrients, drugs, etc. #$EdibleStuff presupposes digestion processes resembling those of most terrestrial macroscopic animals. For inferencing about the diets of people (or koalas or oil-eating microbes), the collection #$EdibleStuff may have additions and deletions. See also #$EdiblePartFn, #$FoodAndDrink.") ;;; #$EdiblesRichInFn (#$isa #$EdiblesRichInFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EdiblesRichInFn #$ExistingStuffType) (#$resultGenl #$EdiblesRichInFn #$EdibleStuff) (#$arg1Isa #$EdiblesRichInFn #$ExistingStuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$EdiblesRichInFn #$Nutrient) (#$comment #$EdiblesRichInFn "The Cyc function #$EdiblesRichInFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to represent foodstuffs which have a high concentration of a certain nutrient. (#$EdiblesRichInFn NUTRIENT) denotes the collection of edible things that are rich in the type of #$Nutrient NUTRIENT. For example, (#$EdiblesRichInFn #$EdibleCalcium) denotes the collection of all #$EdibleStuff rich in calcium; that collection will have the collection #$DairyProduct as a subset.") ;;; #$EducationLevelAttribute (#$isa #$EducationLevelAttribute #$SocialAttributeType) (#$genls #$EducationLevelAttribute #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$EducationLevelAttribute #$SocialStatusAttribute) (#$comment #$EducationLevelAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each #$EducationLevelAttribute, when applied to a person, indicates their level of education or current involvement in a course of study; if applied to a course of study, it indicates the level of it. The very same attributes apply in both cases, though; some sample elements of this collection are: #$PhDLevel, #$TwelfthGradeLevel, #$BachelorOfArtsLevel, #$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc.") ;;; #$EducationalDegree (#$isa #$EducationalDegree #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$EducationalDegree #$Credential) (#$comment #$EducationalDegree "A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information about an agent. Each element of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred, by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization, on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees, etc.") ;;; #$EducationalOrganization (#$isa #$EducationalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EducationalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$EducationalOrganization "A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$EducationalOrganization may be a school, system of schools, college, seminary, etc., -- a place where teaching and/or training are programmed and provided as a service for students. An educational organization may be public or private. This collection includes #$AustinISD (i.e., the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District), #$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege, #$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions.") ;;; #$Elasticity (#$isa #$Elasticity #$MaterialStrengthType) (#$genls #$Elasticity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Elasticity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Elasticity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Elasticity represents a specific ability of a physical material to quickly and completely return to its original shape after deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense. Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject.") ;;; #$ElectricalCharge (#$isa #$ElectricalCharge #$PolarAttributeType) (#$isa #$ElectricalCharge #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$ElectricalCharge #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$ElectricalCharge #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ElectricalCharge "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge (positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$ElectricalCharge may be either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron, or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery; see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units used by Cyc to measure electrical charges.") ;;; #$ElectricalComponent (#$isa #$ElectricalComponent #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ElectricalComponent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectricalComponent #$ElectricalDevice) (#$comment #$ElectricalComponent "A collection of electrical devices. An instance of #$ElectricalDevice is an electrical device which is normally considered to be a part of some larger, more clearly distinguished device (e.g., clearly distinguished in the sense that it is sold, moved, etc. as a unit). The #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction.") ;;; #$ElectricalConductor (#$isa #$ElectricalConductor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectricalConductor #$PhysicalConductingMedia) (#$comment #$ElectricalConductor "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$PhysicalConductingMedia. Each element of #$ElectricalConductor is a physical thing that can conduct electricity; e.g., a power cord, an electrical plug, a piece of metal.") ;;; #$ElectricalDevice (#$isa #$ElectricalDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$PartiallyTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$ElectricalDevice "A collection of physical devices; the most general collection of electrical devices. Such devices require an input of electrical current (as #$energySource) in order to perform their intended functions. Instances of #$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (e.g., elements of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer) and simpler ones (e.g., elements of #$ElectricalComponents and #$ElectronicComponents). Note: in some contexts, crystal radios might be classified as inert (unpowered) electrical devices; the same for some sorts of passive radar detectors. These are exceptional cases, but still elements of this collection. In other contexts, the power for these devices can be viewed as being supplied from the outside, hence they are clearly `powered' in such contexts.") ;;; #$ElectricalResistance (#$isa #$ElectricalResistance #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$ElectricalResistance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$ElectricalResistance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$ElectricalResistance "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance.") ;;; #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor (#$isa #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor #$Sensor) (#$comment #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation.") ;;; #$ElectromagneticRadiation (#$isa #$ElectromagneticRadiation #$WavePropagationType) (#$isa #$ElectromagneticRadiation #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ElectromagneticRadiation #$WavePropagation) (#$comment #$ElectromagneticRadiation "A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field. Examples include the elements of the collections #$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays.") ;;; #$Electron (#$isa #$Electron #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Electron #$SubAtomicParticle) (#$comment #$Electron "A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Every instance of #$Electron is a subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1.") ;;; #$ElectronicDevice (#$isa #$ElectronicDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ElectronicDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectronicDevice #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$ElectronicDevice #$ElectricalDevice) (#$comment #$ElectronicDevice "A collection of devices which use electronic circuitry. More specifically, any instance of #$ElectronicDevice uses electricity to convey information and not just for power. Usually transistors, diodes, or other semiconductor circuitry are involved.") ;;; #$ElementStuff (#$isa #$ElementStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$ElementStuff #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$ElementStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$ElementStuff "A collection of tangible substances; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Every instance of #$ElementStuff is a piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms, all of which are of the same chemical element. That is, every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon are instances of #$ElementStuff. All pieces of two of #$Carbon's subsets, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some) #$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the collection #$ElementStuff.") ;;; #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (#$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons #$Collection) (#$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons #$DisjointSetOrCollection) (#$genls #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons #$ChemicalCompoundType) (#$comment #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons "A collection of collections. #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of #$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in a collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e., collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications.") ;;; #$Embarrassment (#$isa #$Embarrassment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Embarrassment #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Embarrassment "Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure. #$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Embarrassment is #$Shame.") ;;; #$Embryo (#$isa #$Embryo #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Embryo #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Embryo #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment) (#$comment #$Embryo "The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.") ;;; #$EmbryoFn (#$isa #$EmbryoFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EmbryoFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$EmbryoFn #$Embryo) (#$arg1Isa #$EmbryoFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$EmbryoFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$EmbryoFn "#$EmbryoFn is an element of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$EmbryoFn LIFETYPE) returns the collection of organisms which are embryonic instances of LIFETYPE. Note that this use of the word `embryo' does not correspond exactly with the English word, because the collection returned by #$EmbryoFn includes zygotes, fetuses, etc.") ;;; #$Emirate-Geopolitical (#$isa #$Emirate-Geopolitical #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$Emirate-Geopolitical #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$Emirate-Geopolitical "The collection of all Emirates, that is, those geopolitical entities, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.") ;;; #$Emission (#$isa #$Emission #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Emission #$TransferOut) (#$comment #$Emission "A collection of processes; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Emission is an event in which something `comes out' of an object that actively contributes to that thing's emission (e.g., it is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source is indicated with the predicate #$emitter. An entire #$Translocation is associated with an emission, and these are related through the predicate #$transferOutSubEvent. If the thing which `comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then the event belongs to a more specific collection, #$EmittingAnObject (q.v.). If the associated element of #$Translocation is an instance of #$WavePropagation, then the emission belongs to the more specialized collection, #$EmittingAWave (q.v.).") ;;; #$EmittingAWave (#$isa #$EmittingAWave #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$EmittingAWave #$Emission) (#$comment #$EmittingAWave "A collection of events; a subset of #$Emission. Each element is an event in which a wave is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation.") ;;; #$EmittingAnObject (#$isa #$EmittingAnObject #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EmittingAnObject #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmittingAnObject #$Emission) (#$genls #$EmittingAnObject #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$comment #$EmittingAnObject "A collection of events; and a subset of #$Emission. An instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an emission event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectEmitted, i.e., the thing which `comes out' of the #$emitter of the event. The #$objectEmitted goes from (#$fromLocation) a place inside of the #$emitter to (#$toLocation) some place that is not within the #$emitter. The #$emitter plays an active role (#$doneBy and #$providerOfMotiveForce) in the emission. Examples: the birth of a baby, a bullet shot from a gun, a venonous snake depositing poison. Negative examples: a person leaving a building (the building is not active), throwing a ball (the ball was not inside the person before the throwing).") ;;; #$EmittingSound (#$isa #$EmittingSound #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$EmittingSound #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmittingSound #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$EmittingSound #$EmittingAWave) (#$comment #$EmittingSound "A collection of events; a subset of #$EmittingAWave. Each element of #$EmittingSound is an event in which an instance of #$Sound is emitted from some #$waveSource. Examples: an explosion generating a sound wave; a plucked violin string resonating; a baby crying; a person saying `Hello'.") ;;; #$Employee (#$isa #$Employee #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Employee #$Professional) (#$comment #$Employee "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Employee works directly for some business. Disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker.") ;;; #$EmployeeHiring (#$isa #$EmployeeHiring #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EmployeeHiring #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmployeeHiring #$OrganizationalTransferIn) (#$genls #$EmployeeHiring #$MakingAnAgreement) (#$comment #$EmployeeHiring "A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmployeeHiring is an event in which some agent--either an organization or individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also #$employees, #$WorkAgreement.") ;;; #$EmploymentTermination (#$isa #$EmploymentTermination #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EmploymentTermination #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmploymentTermination #$OrganizationalTransferOut) (#$genls #$EmploymentTermination #$EndingAnAgreement) (#$comment #$EmploymentTermination "A collection of events; a subset of #$EndingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.). Different kinds of #$EmploymentTermination are specified by the subsets #$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$RetirementEvent, etc.") ;;; #$Encrypting (#$isa #$Encrypting #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Encrypting #$IBTRecoding) (#$comment #$Encrypting "The collection of actions in which some transformation is applied to an IBT (#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to all but the intended audience, since the method required to decrypt the IBT is secret.") ;;; #$EndFn (#$isa #$EndFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$EndFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EndFn #$TimePoint) (#$arg1Isa #$EndFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$EndFn "#$EndFn is a function that takes a #$TemporalThing and returns the #$TimePoint it ends. Thus: (#$endingPoint ?X (#$EndFn ?X))") ;;; #$EndingAnAgreement (#$isa #$EndingAnAgreement #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EndingAnAgreement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EndingAnAgreement #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$EndingAnAgreement #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$EndingAnAgreement #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$EndingAnAgreement "A collection of events. Each element of the collection #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example, instances of #$EmploymentTermination and #$EndingMembership.") ;;; #$EnergyConversionProcess (#$isa #$EnergyConversionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$EnergyConversionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EnergyConversionProcess #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$EnergyConversionProcess #$TransformationEvent) (#$comment #$EnergyConversionProcess "A collection of events. In each instance of #$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form to another.") ;;; #$Engine (#$isa #$Engine #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Engine #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$Engine #$MechanicalDevice) (#$comment #$Engine "A collection of #$PoweredDevices. An instance of #$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc.") ;;; #$Engineer (#$isa #$Engineer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Engineer #$Professional) (#$comment #$Engineer "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Engineer is a professional who works in some branch of engineering. Elements of #$Engineer include the members of the subsets #$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer, #$MechanicalEngineer, etc.") ;;; #$EnglishWord (#$isa #$EnglishWord #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$EnglishWord #$LexicalWord) (#$comment #$EnglishWord "The collection of all lexical words in English; a subset of #$LexicalWord. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words; for example, #$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings 'eat', 'eating', 'ate', etc.") ;;; #$Enjoyment (#$isa #$Enjoyment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Enjoyment #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Enjoyment "The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc.") ;;; #$EnlistedPerson (#$isa #$EnlistedPerson #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$EnlistedPerson #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$EnlistedPerson "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an enlisted person in some #$MilitaryOrganization, such as a private.") ;;; #$EntertainmentEvent (#$isa #$EntertainmentEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EntertainmentEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$EntertainmentEvent #$ServiceEvent) (#$genls #$EntertainmentEvent #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$EntertainmentEvent "The collection of activites performed primarily to amuse or entertain #$Persons. Note: This is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance because it may not entail a performance per se. E.g., one of its subsets is #$SightSeeing, but most sightseeing events are not #$EntertainmentPerformances. Note: This is different from the collection #$RecreationalActivity in the following way: entertainment events are necessarily done for the enjoyment or recreation of someone else; in other words, there is an audience. Also, the performers of a #$RecreationalActivity are generally doing it `for fun', and (expect to) enjoy it, whereas some or all of the performers of an #$EntertainmentEvent may be doing it as a #$WorkingEvent --- i.e, `for a living' and may (expect to) not enjoy it. ") ;;; #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional (#$isa #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional is a person who uses some sort of creative or artistic abilities in the main function of his or her job. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional includes both performing artists and producers of tangible artworks, either creative or commercial. This collection does NOT include people working on the business side of those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose #$jobAttributes are more similar to those of other business professionals (e.g., managers, marketers, sales representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator.") ;;; #$EntertainmentPerformance (#$isa #$EntertainmentPerformance #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EntertainmentPerformance #$EntertainmentEvent) (#$genls #$EntertainmentPerformance #$SocialGathering) (#$genls #$EntertainmentPerformance #$AccessingAnIBT) (#$comment #$EntertainmentPerformance "The collection of public and private entertainment performances, like plays, street performances, ballets, movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance is a presentation or exhibition, to a human audience, with artistic or entertainment value. Note: Movies are included even though the Performers aren't performing in the same point in space-time. But we draw the line at still photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances.") ;;; #$Entity (#$isa #$Entity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Entity #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$Entity "?X is an #$Entity if it is a `maximal' #$SomethingExisting. What we mean by that is that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which ?X is merely a subabstraction (see #$subAbstrac). So AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing.") ;;; #$EthnicGroupType (#$isa #$EthnicGroupType #$Collection) (#$genls #$EthnicGroupType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$EthnicGroupType #$HumanCultureType) (#$comment #$EthnicGroupType "A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some #$EthnicGroupTypes are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese, #$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc.") ;;; #$EukaryoticCell (#$isa #$EukaryoticCell #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EukaryoticCell #$Cell) (#$comment #$EukaryoticCell "The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei.") ;;; #$EvaluatableFunction (#$isa #$EvaluatableFunction #$Collection) (#$genls #$EvaluatableFunction #$FunctionTheMathematicalType) (#$comment #$EvaluatableFunction "A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$EvaluatableFunction is a Cyc function which is associated (via #$lispDefun) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes the result of applying the function to legal arguments. See #$PlusFn for a good example. An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound.") ;;; #$Evaporating (#$isa #$Evaporating #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Evaporating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Evaporating #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Evaporating "The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by evaporation as opposed to boiling.") ;;; #$Evening (#$isa #$Evening #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Evening #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Evening "Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening.") ;;; #$Event (#$isa #$Event #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Event #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Event #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$Event #$TemporalThing) (#$genls #$Event #$Situation) (#$comment #$Event "This is one important subset of #$TemporalThing. The elements of #$Event are events or actions, things that we say are `happening', changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a subset of #$Intangible, since an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another important subset of #$TemporalThing) has elements which have temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While `#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases, such as the pure disembodied elements of #$TimeInterval, which are elements of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event.") ;;; #$EvergreenPlant (#$isa #$EvergreenPlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EvergreenPlant #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$EvergreenPlant "A collection of plants. Each element of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. Cf. #$DeciduousPlant.") ;;; #$ExchangeOfUserRights (#$isa #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$genls #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$ExchangeOfUserRights "A collection of events. In an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights, two #$Agents (the #$exchangers) perform two distinct (though related) #$TransferringPossessions with each other. Two objects are exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer is related to the other as some kind of condition, a precondition or an intended result; e.g., the news seller will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and I give the news seller my fifty cents so that he will turn over a newspaper to me. The two #$TransferringPossession events are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event.") ;;; #$Excitement (#$isa #$Excitement #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Excitement #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Excitement "A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power, eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm, #$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.") ;;; #$ExclusiveUserRights (#$isa #$ExclusiveUserRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$ExclusiveUserRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object has the sole right to use that object. There can be only one such #$Agent at a given time; that agent may be an #$Organization or an individual person. When you rent a car, you expect #$ExclusiveUserRights of it for the duration of your rental, even though you don't own the car.") ;;; #$Executive (#$isa #$Executive #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Executive #$Professional) (#$genls #$Executive #$Leader) (#$comment #$Executive "A collection of people. An instance of #$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of #$Executive are top managers of organizations, including corporate officers (#$CompanyPresident, etc.), Chiefs of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers.") ;;; #$Exercising (#$isa #$Exercising #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Exercising #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Exercising #$VoluntaryBodyMovement) (#$genls #$Exercising #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$Exercising #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Exercising #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$Exercising "The collection of events in which humans move their bodies and limbs for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles.") ;;; #$Exhaling (#$isa #$Exhaling #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Exhaling #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Exhaling #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$Exhaling #$EmittingAnObject) (#$comment #$Exhaling "Expelling air from the lungs") ;;; #$ExistingObjectType (#$isa #$ExistingObjectType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ExistingObjectType #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$ExistingObjectType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$ExistingObjectType "A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$ExistingObjectType is temporally stufflike yet is objectlike in other ways, e.g., spatially. Any one of many #$timeSlices of a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf is still a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf. Most tangible objects are temporally stufflike in this fashion. That book is, of course, not spatially stufflike; spatially, it is objectlike: if we take a scalpel and slice the book into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of `Moby Dick'. So (#$isa #$Book #$ExistingObjectType) is true, because each book is temporally stufflike but spatially objectlike. See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.") ;;; #$ExistingStuffType (#$isa #$ExistingStuffType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ExistingStuffType #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$ExistingStuffType #$StuffType) (#$comment #$ExistingStuffType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are temporally and spatially stufflike; they may also be stufflike in other ways, e.g., in some physical property. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. The fact that every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike is represented in Cyc by the assertion (#$isa #$Wood #$ExistingStuffType). Other examples of #$ExistingStuffType: #$AppleJuice, #$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, #$StriatedMuscle. See the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.") ;;; #$ExpFn (#$isa #$ExpFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$ExpFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$ExpFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ExpFn "#$ExpFn is the exponential operator, i.e., the unary mathematical function that returns e^x for the x value taken as its argument. (#$ExpFn 1) returns e. Its inverse (i.e., #$inverseFunc) is #$LogFn.") ;;; #$ExperiencingHunger (#$isa #$ExperiencingHunger #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ExperiencingHunger #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ExperiencingHunger #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary) (#$comment #$ExperiencingHunger "Being hungry") ;;; #$Explosion (#$isa #$Explosion #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Explosion #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Explosion #$DecompositionProcess) (#$genls #$Explosion #$EnergyConversionProcess) (#$comment #$Explosion "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent, chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled, even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained and channelled to do useful work (such as within the cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted for a backyard swimming pool.)") ;;; #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate (#$isa #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of individual objects. These predicates implement the extensional structure of the Cyc ontology; e.g., #$attorneys, #$objectTakenCareOf, #$actorPartsAffected, #$vestedInterest.") ;;; #$ExteriorRegionFn (#$isa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$ExteriorRegionFn "The function (ExteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of all the outer parts or sections of REGOROBJ, or the exterior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's outside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing (#$isa #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing #$RegionType) (#$genls #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject) (#$comment #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing "The collection of all entire outer physical surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or portions of the whole surface of an object.") ;;; #$Eye (#$isa #$Eye #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Eye #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor) (#$genls #$Eye #$Organ) (#$comment #$Eye "The collection of all eyes of #$Animals. Eyes are the organs of #$VisualPerception.") ;;; #$FPSUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$FPSUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FPSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$FPSUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec.") ;;; #$FaceOfAnimal (#$isa #$FaceOfAnimal #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$FaceOfAnimal #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$FaceOfAnimal #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$FaceOfAnimal #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$FaceOfAnimal "The collection of all faces of animals. A #$FaceOfAnimal generally consists of the region where the eyes of the animal are located. In most terrestrial animals, this is the front region of the animal's head, and also turns out to be where the nose, mouth, etc., are located.") ;;; #$FallSeason (#$isa #$FallSeason #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$FallSeason #$SeasonOfYear) (#$comment #$FallSeason "The collection of Fall seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn.") ;;; #$False (#$isa #$False #$TruthValue) (#$isa #$False #$Individual) (#$comment #$False "An element of #$TruthValue. #$False is logical falsehood in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not to be confused with Lisp's NIL, nor with the English word `false'.") ;;; #$Family-SocialEntity (#$isa #$Family-SocialEntity #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Family-SocialEntity #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$Family-SocialEntity #$Group) (#$genls #$Family-SocialEntity #$SocialBeing) (#$comment #$Family-SocialEntity "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$Family-SocialEntity is a group of people or of animals related by birth and mating. The kinship relation is closer than simply being members of the same species. Such a family may function together as an #$Organization. See also the specialization #$Family-Human.") ;;; #$FamilyRelationSlot (#$isa #$FamilyRelationSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$FamilyRelationSlot #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$comment #$FamilyRelationSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$FamilyRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships among members of human families. Examples: #$spouse, #$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers, #$relatives, #$cohabitingFamilyMembers.") ;;; #$Famine (#$isa #$Famine #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Famine #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Famine #$DisasterEvent) (#$comment #$Famine "A collection of events; a subset of #$DisasterEvent. Each instance of #$Famine is an event taking place in a contiguous geographical area in which a lot of people are undergoing #$Starvation.") ;;; #$Farmer (#$isa #$Farmer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Farmer #$BlueCollarWorker) (#$genls #$Farmer #$Professional) (#$comment #$Farmer "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Farmer is a person who makes (or significantly supplements) his or her income by farming. This includes growing vegetables, grain, or fruit crops, dairy farming, or raising livestock (e.g., cattle, pigs, sheep, fish) for their meat or other animal products (e.g., wool).") ;;; #$Fear (#$isa #$Fear #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Fear #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Fear "Unpleasant emotion manifested by painful agitation in the presence or awareness of danger. Fear implies anxiety and loss of courage. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Fear is #$Dread.") ;;; #$February (#$isa #$February #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$February #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$FeelingAttribute (#$isa #$FeelingAttribute #$CompositeAttributeType) (#$isa #$FeelingAttribute #$StuffType) (#$genls #$FeelingAttribute #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$FeelingAttribute #$MentalAttribute) (#$comment #$FeelingAttribute "The collection of attributes describing emotions and mental feelings. An element of this set would be a particular `amount' of happiness, of confidence, of fear, etc. Obviously there are no real `units of measure' for these quantities, but one can certainly say that the `amount' of happiness one felt at one's wedding was `more' than the happiness they felt at their college graduation ceremony, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that attribute-type; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Confidence) is an expression whose value is a low amount of confidence, and that in turn will be an element of #$Confidence, and also an element of #$FeelingAttribute, and also an element of #$AttributeValue, etc. See especially the various subsets of #$FeelingAttribute. Note that #$FeelingAttribute is NOT an element of #$FeelingAttributeType. Since #$FeelingAttributeType is a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType, any element of #$FeelingAttributeType (such as #$Happiness) should have a total order among all its elements. All the elements of #$FeelingAttribute can't be placed in a total order (for example, how can we compare 'low happiness' with 'low contempt'?), so it should not be an element of #$FeelingAttributeType.") ;;; #$FeelingAttributeType (#$isa #$FeelingAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FeelingAttributeType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$FeelingAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$FeelingAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each #$FeelingAttributeType is a type of attribute that describes some sort of emotion and/or mental feeling. Some elements of #$FeelingAttributeType are: #$Envy, #$Curiosity, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, etc. See also #$FeelingAttribute.") ;;; #$FemaleAnimal (#$isa #$FemaleAnimal #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$FemaleAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$FemaleAnimal "The collection of all female animals.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$FemaleAnimal #$SENSUS-Information1997 "FEMALE-ANIMAL") ;;; #$FemaleFn (#$isa #$FemaleFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$FemaleFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$FemaleFn #$FemaleAnimal) (#$arg1Isa #$FemaleFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$FemaleFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$FemaleFn "#$FemaleFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$FemaleFn ORGTYPE) returns that subset of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the females of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$FemaleFn #$Person) and #$FemalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$FemaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all female members of #$Deer.") ;;; #$FemalePerson (#$isa #$FemalePerson #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FemalePerson #$FemaleAnimal) (#$genls #$FemalePerson #$Person) (#$comment #$FemalePerson "The collection of all female persons.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$FemalePerson #$SENSUS-Information1997 "FEMALE") ;;; #$Feminine (#$isa #$Feminine #$LinguisticObject) (#$isa #$Feminine #$GenderOfLivingThing) (#$comment #$Feminine "#$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is called feminine gender.") ;;; #$Ferry (#$isa #$Ferry #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Ferry #$Ship) (#$comment #$Ferry "The subcollection of Boat-WaterTransportationDevice that contains all ferryboats, i.e., boats that are used to carry people, goods or vehicles across rivers, lakes, canals or channels etc. or even from one side of a harbor to another, but normally not used to cross oceans.") ;;; #$FictionalContext (#$isa #$FictionalContext #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$FictionalContext #$CounterfactualContext) (#$comment #$FictionalContext "The collection of #$CounterfactualContexts which are (1) created intentionally, not by error or chance or gradual evolution and accretion in a culture, and (2) typically are the information content of some #$InformationBearingThing, and (3) are not expected (by their creator) to be believed as factual, nor do their creators believe them to be factual. In addition to asserting fictional propositions about existing things, a #$FictionalContext may include terms for nonexistent things. Examples: #$LordOfTheRings, #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn.") ;;; #$FieldOfStudy (#$isa #$FieldOfStudy #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FieldOfStudy #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$FieldOfStudy "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$FieldOfStudy is a microtheory containing the knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems covered in a particular field of study (in propositional form). Examples: #$Linguistics, #$Ethology, #$ArtificialIntelligence, #$BusinessAdministration, #$Nursing-FieldOfStudy, etc. Fields of study are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment, although the correlation between #$AcademicDepartment and #$FieldOfStudy is not one-to-one. Note also that elements of #$FieldOfStudy are intangible objects (i.e., contexts with propositional content), while academic departments are partially tangible organizations. For the activity of specialized study in a field, see #$CourseOfStudy.") ;;; #$FinancialAccount (#$isa #$FinancialAccount #$AccountType) (#$genls #$FinancialAccount #$Account) (#$comment #$FinancialAccount "A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccount is an instance of #$Account (q.v.) which is denominated in units of #$Money. Examples: savings accounts, credit card accounts, vendor accounts.") ;;; #$FinancialAccountTenderObject (#$isa #$FinancialAccountTenderObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FinancialAccountTenderObject #$TenderObject) (#$comment #$FinancialAccountTenderObject "A collection of objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject is an object, e.g., a check or a credit card, that serves as a vehicle for offering payment in funds drawn on an associated instance of #$FinancialAccount. The liquidity of an element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject depends on the #$accountBalance or #$accountStatus of the financial account which that object legally represents. This collection excludes the elements of #$Currency and #$TravellersCheck.") ;;; #$FinancialAssetHoldings (#$isa #$FinancialAssetHoldings #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FinancialAssetHoldings #$Holdings) (#$comment #$FinancialAssetHoldings "A collection of partially tangibles. An element of #$FinancialAssetHoldings is a group of financial assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, ... ) owned by individual or corporate #$Agent(s). As a default, we assume that the monetary value of each group equals the sum of the monetary values of the individual assets in that group.") ;;; #$FinancialOrganization (#$isa #$FinancialOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FinancialOrganization #$CommercialOrganization) (#$genls #$FinancialOrganization #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$FinancialOrganization "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialServiceOrganization. An element of #$FinancialOrganization is an organization that buys, sells, trades, converts, or lends money, in the form of currency or negotiable financial instruments (such as stocks, bonds, commodities futures, etc.), as (one of) its major function(s). The collection #$FinancialOrganization does not include businesses, such as retailers, which simply exchange goods or non-financial services for money.") ;;; #$Finger (#$isa #$Finger #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Finger #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Finger "The collection of all digits of all #$Hands (q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform grasping and manipulation actions.") ;;; #$FiscalQuarter (#$isa #$FiscalQuarter #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$FiscalQuarter #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$FiscalQuarter "Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.") ;;; #$FiscalYear (#$isa #$FiscalYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$FiscalYear #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$FiscalYear "Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft") ;;; #$Fish (#$isa #$Fish #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Fish #$Vertebrate) (#$genls #$Fish #$Animal) (#$genls #$Fish #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$genls #$Fish #$AquaticOrganism) (#$comment #$Fish "A collection of cold-blooded animals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Fish has gills, cranium, and fins, and spends all or almost all of its life under water. The collection #$Fish excludes so-called star-fish and cuttle-fish, etc., as well as fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal such as porpoises and whales. #$Fish is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$FixedStructure (#$isa #$FixedStructure #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FixedStructure #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$FixedStructure "A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$FixedStructure is a humanly-constructed, freestanding object that exists in a fixed location; e.g., buildings, pyramids, the Great Wall of China, dams, elevated roadways, canals, etc. Such structures may have parts which are also elements of #$FixedStructure (e.g., bridge pilings) and parts which are not freestanding (e.g., the span of a bridge, or a room in a building).") ;;; #$Flammability (#$isa #$Flammability #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Flammability #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Flammability #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Flammability "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Flammability represents a specific readiness with which some tangible substance burns. Different degrees of #$Flammability are represented either using #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$NotFlammable, #$BurnsEasily, #$ExplosivelyFlammable). Flammability of an object is indicated with the predicate #$flammabilityOfObject.") ;;; #$FlatPhysicalSurface (#$isa #$FlatPhysicalSurface #$RegionType) (#$genls #$FlatPhysicalSurface #$Surface-Physical) (#$comment #$FlatPhysicalSurface "The collection of all surfaces that are substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a FlatPhysicalSurface.") ;;; #$Flexible (#$isa #$Flexible #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Flexible "A physical attribute. #$Flexible is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a tangible object that can be flexed, twisted, contorted. #$Flexible objects which retain their contorted shape are described as #$Bendable (q.v.).") ;;; #$FloorInAConstruction (#$isa #$FloorInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FloorInAConstruction #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$FloorInAConstruction "A physical floor in a building, NOT the level (storey). The latter is called #$LevelOfAConstruction. The floor can include any floor in a building such as the floor of a room on the third floor as well as the floor covering the entire 1st level of the building. This includes just the horizontal surface -- not the subfloor. It also doesn't include floor coverings like carpet or tile.") ;;; #$FlowPath (#$isa #$FlowPath #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FlowPath #$SpatialThing) (#$genls #$FlowPath #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$FlowPath "A collection of pathways; a subset of #$Path-Generic. Each element of #$FlowPath is a path whose extent is delineated by the movement of a fluid over an area; for example, the path of a lava flow or the #$AlaskanPipeline. Elements of #$FlowPath may (but need not) be constrained by objects or forces that channel the flow of fluid; see also the subset #$FluidConduit.") ;;; #$FloweringPlant (#$isa #$FloweringPlant #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$FloweringPlant #$Plant) (#$comment #$FloweringPlant "The collection of plants whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; the flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see #$FloweryPlant.") ;;; #$FloweryPlant (#$isa #$FloweryPlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FloweryPlant #$FloweringPlant) (#$comment #$FloweryPlant "A collection of plants. Each element of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in flower (i.e., has flowers showing). The collection #$FloweryPlant includes flowering bushes and trees with visible flowers. This collection represents a commonsense category, not the official #$BiologicalTaxon #$FloweringPlant.") ;;; #$FluidReservoir (#$isa #$FluidReservoir #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FluidReservoir #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FluidReservoir #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$FluidReservoir "A collection of open-ended containers; a subset of #$ContainerProduct. An instance of #$FluidReservoir is a container which was designed to hold liquids. These include elements of the collections #$Spoon, #$ToiletBowl, #$GlassBottle, etc. Note a special negative case: natural `reservoirs', such as #$Lakes, are not #$ContainerProducts -- though the #$Dams that create them are artifacts, the reservoir water is contained in the natural landscape -- and hence such reservoirs are not subsets of #$FluidReservoir.") ;;; #$FluidTangibleThing (#$isa #$FluidTangibleThing #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FluidTangibleThing #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$FluidTangibleThing "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$FluidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that flows, including gases, liquids, and semisolid tangible things which are #$Pourable (e.g., sand). Examples: the #$AirInAustin, #$LakeErie, the snow drifted in my driveway, the sand on the beach at Hippie Hollow, mercury in the thermometer on the balcony. Note that the granules of a semisolid #$FluidTangibleThing are not necessarily themselves #$FluidTangibleThings. Cf. #$LiquidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$Fog (#$isa #$Fog #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Fog #$CloudOfH2O) (#$genls #$Fog #$GaseousTangibleThing) (#$comment #$Fog "The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) that cover a #$GeographicalRegion at ground-level.") ;;; #$Foggy (#$isa #$Foggy #$WeatherAttribute) (#$comment #$Foggy "A #$WeatherAttribute characterizing an #$OutdoorLocation covered by a ground-level cloud.") ;;; #$Foldable (#$isa #$Foldable #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Foldable #$Bendable) (#$comment #$Foldable "A physical attribute. #$Foldable is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of being foldable in a flexible way, like towels or paper. Note a distinction between #$Foldable objects and #$Collapsible objects: #$Collapsible objects are #$Rigid objects collapsed by means of #$HingedJoints, while #$Foldable objects are flexible overall.") ;;; #$Food (#$isa #$Food #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Food #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Food #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$Food #$FoodAndDrink) (#$genls #$Food #$EdibleStuff) (#$genls #$Food #$OrganicStuff) (#$comment #$Food "A collection of edible stuff; a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Food is a particular portion of food of a type which can, and habitually is, eaten (not drunk or inhaled) by humans or animals. Here the notion of ``eating'' is important --- not drinking or inhaling or osmosing; an element of #$Food will generally require biting, chewing, etc. A borderline example is a bowl of Jello; a borderline non-example is a very thick milkshake. Even closer to the border is a bowl of vegetable soup so thick and chunky that each spoonful require chewing. The edibles in #$Food provide calories and/or other nutrients that humans or animals need (e.g., protein, vitamins); this is often true with a #$Drink as well, but probably less than half the time (since most drinking is of water).") ;;; #$Food-ReadyToEat (#$isa #$Food-ReadyToEat #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Food-ReadyToEat #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Food-ReadyToEat #$FoodAndDrink) (#$genls #$Food-ReadyToEat #$OrganicStuff) (#$genls #$Food-ReadyToEat #$Food) (#$comment #$Food-ReadyToEat "A collection of food. Each instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat is an item of food of a type, and in a state, that people or animals can and normally do eat without any further preparation. This includes foods which have already been prepared and foods which don't need any preparation before eating. Hot baked instances of #$Pizza and ripe instances of #$Apple-TheFruit all belong in this collection. To account for differences across cultures or species, use a specialized #$Microtheory (see #$comments on #$FoodAndDrink, #$EdibleStuff).") ;;; #$FoodAndDrink (#$isa #$FoodAndDrink #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodAndDrink #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FoodAndDrink #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$FoodAndDrink "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of the collection #$FoodAndDrink is a food or beverage of a type which people or animals (or whatever the current microtheory is restricting its attention to --- e.g., some species of oil-eating bacteria) can and normally do consume. Elements of #$FoodAndDrink may or may not require further preparation before the eaters find them palatable, medically safe, digestable, etc. See #$Food-ReadyToEat for the subset of these items that are ready for immediate consumption. In various microtheories, the elements of #$FoodAndDrink will be restricted or expanded; e.g., in the #$HumanActivitiesMt this collection is limited to only foods or beverages that modern-day human beings consume. Some examples of #$FoodAndDrink includes a scoop of ice cream (an instance of #$IceCream), a pepperoni pizza (an instance of #$Pizza), an apple (an instance of #$EdibleFruit), a lump of bread-dough (an instance of #$Dough which, after preparation, will become an instance of edible #$Bread), a double espresso (an instance of #$Coffee-Beverage), a mouthful of hay that a horse is about to swallow (an instance of #$Hay), etc. The latter (the hay) is not an instance of #$FoodAndDrink in the #$HumanActivitiesMt. Note that #$FoodAndDrink does NOT include such things as spices, condiments, sauces, drugs, etc., which --- though they are nevertheless #$EdibleStuff --- do not constitute a food by themselves; those belong to other subsets of #$EdibleStuff but not to #$FoodAndDrink. E.g., a particular pinch of oregano would be an instance of #$FoodIngredientOnly (q.v.). Also see: #$DefaultDisjointFoodTypes.") ;;; #$FoodGroupType (#$isa #$FoodGroupType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FoodGroupType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$FoodGroupType #$ProductType) (#$genls #$FoodGroupType #$ExistingStuffType) (#$comment #$FoodGroupType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FoodGroupType is a collection of foodstuffs classified according to their nutritional contents. When restricted to human foods, the elements of #$FoodGroupType are familiar as the teaching tools used in public health education in order to promote nutritionally balanced diets. Examples include: #$DairyProduct, #$CerealFoodGroup, #$FruitAndVegetableFoodGroup, #$MeatAndLegumeFoodGroup.") ;;; #$FoodIngredientOnly (#$isa #$FoodIngredientOnly #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodIngredientOnly #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FoodIngredientOnly #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$FoodIngredientOnly "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$EdibleStuff. Each element of #$FoodIngredientOnly is an edible substance that is used in making other food but isn't eaten by itself. These may or may not require some preparation. For example, #$TableSalt, #$VegetableOil, and #$Ketchup are subsets of #$FoodIngredientOnly, because all of their instances are used only as ingredients or condiments. In contrast, #$Egg-Chickens is not a subset of #$FoodIngredientOnly; some of its instances serve as ingredients in cooking other dishes, (and those instances are elements of #$FoodIngredientOnly,) but other eggs are simply eaten after poaching or frying (and those instances belong to the collection #$Food, not #$FoodIngredientOnly). Types of foodlike #$Pizza, whose instances are never merely ingredients, are just subsets of #$Food.") ;;; #$FoodOrDrinkComposite (#$isa #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$Artifact) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$FoodOrDrinkComposite "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$FoodOrDrinkComposite is an edible substance that is made up of two or more foodstuffs as constituents. Typically, some recipe is, explicitly or implicitly, associated with the production of such substances. #$FoodOrDrinkComposite includes both some instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly (e.g., a dollop of ketchup) and some instances of #$FoodAndDrink (e.g., a slice of a cheese pizza).") ;;; #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice (#$isa #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice #$HOCObject) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice "A collection of objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to prepare food or drink somehow, such as a colander, a spice mill or a pot.") ;;; #$FoodProfessional (#$isa #$FoodProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$FoodProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$FoodProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$FoodProfessional is a worker in the food and drink industry. This collection includes bakers, brewers, butchers, and bartenders--everyone from Julia Child to Joe the bartender.") ;;; #$FoodServiceOrganization (#$isa #$FoodServiceOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodServiceOrganization #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$FoodServiceOrganization #$Business) (#$comment #$FoodServiceOrganization "A collection of business organizations; a subset of both #$CommercialServiceOrganization and #$Business. An element of #$FoodServiceOrganization is a business which prepares and/or serves food as its major function(s). Important subsets of #$FoodServiceOrganization include #$Restaurant and #$CateringCompany. Note that grocery stores -- and airlines -- are not themselves considered elements of #$FoodServiceOrganization, even though some of those may have #$subOrganizations or sub-contractors which are#$FoodServiceOrganizations. Bars or taverns, in contrast to #$Restaurants that also prepare and serve food, are also not considered #$FoodServiceOrganizations.") ;;; #$FoodUtensil (#$isa #$FoodUtensil #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodUtensil #$HOCObject) (#$comment #$FoodUtensil "A collection of objects. Each element of #$FoodUtensil is an implement or a container used in preparing or consuming food. Among its subsets are: #$Spoon, #$CarvingKnife, #$CookingUtensil, #$FoodVessel, #$CuttingBoard, and #$ChopStick.") ;;; #$FoodVessel (#$isa #$FoodVessel #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodVessel #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodVessel #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$FoodVessel #$FoodUtensil) (#$comment #$FoodVessel "A collection of container products; a subset of #$FoodUtensil. An instance of #$FoodVessel is a container designed for holding, storing, or preparing food. For example, a dinner plate, a cake pan, a wok, a plastic food storage container, etc. Subsets include the collections #$CookingVessel, #$EatingVessel, #$FoodStorageContainer, and numerous others.") ;;; #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$genls #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc.") ;;; #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$FPSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfDistance) (#$resultIsa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$Distance) (#$argsIsa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the basic unit of length within the British (FPS) system. See also #$FPSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Form-StandardizedIBO (#$isa #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$comment #$Form-StandardizedIBO "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an IBO having some standard set of labelled `fields' left blank for the user to fill in with individualized information. Forms usually accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Examples include the elements of #$JobApplicationForm, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, #$OrderForm, #$TaxReturn, #$BirthCertificate, #$DiplomaDocument, #$ATMTransactionReceipt, #$MarriageLicenseDocument, #$DeathCertificate, etc.") ;;; #$FormalCOC (#$isa #$FormalCOC #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$FormalCOC #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$FormalCOC #$CodeOfConduct) (#$comment #$FormalCOC "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$CodeOfConduct. Each element of #$FormalCOC is a code of conduct which is imposed by an organization. Formal codes of conduct typically are explicitly stated and publicly promulgated among the group subject to them; also, they are associated with prescribed methods of enforcement and punishment of violators. Thus, the collection #$FormalCOC includes the laws of any legal jurisdiction, the rules of deportment imposed by educational institutions, the practices of some strict religious sects, etc. In contrast, informal codes of conduct are norms that are not prescribed or enforced by formal means; for example, etiquette (#$MannersCodeOfConduct) and ethics (#$EthicsCodeOfConduct).") ;;; #$FormalProduct (#$isa #$FormalProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$FormalProduct #$Product) (#$comment #$FormalProduct "A collection of products. Each element of #$FormalProduct is a complete packaged product, including everything the customer gets when the product is purchased, e.g., the #$mainProduct, packaging, enclosures, warranties, etc. The typical packaged product as the retailer stocks it on the shelf and sells it at the register.") ;;; #$FormalProductType (#$isa #$FormalProductType #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FormalProductType #$ProductType) (#$comment #$FormalProductType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FormalProductType is a collection of products (i.e., tangible products, services, information products, etc.), all of which conform to a standardized product specification (i.e., a `form'). In Western-style capitalistic markets, elements of #$FormalProductType are often associated with a particular brand name (and perhaps model), since competing providers of products design them to be distinctive. For example, the collection #$InternalCombustionEngine is not an element of #$FormalProductType, but a specific collection of engines manufactured by (e.g.) Mazda would be. On the service side, the collection #$HairCuttingEvent is not a #$FormalProductType, but a subset of hair stylings for men (e.g., at a particular designer's salon) might be.") ;;; #$Format (#$isa #$Format #$Collection) (#$genls #$Format #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$Format #$Individual) (#$comment #$Format "Elements of the collection #$Format are attributes that are used to constrain the multi-valued nature of a #$Predicate. Consider a predicate PRED which takes five arguments, and fix any four of those arguments -- say arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. The number of different legal values there can be for the third argument (given that we've already chosen the other four) is determined by which #$Format attribute has been specified for the 3rd argument place of PRED.. (1) If the #$arg3Format for PRED is #$SingleEntry, then there can be at most one single term that's legal (and thus at most one assertion), for those given values of arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. To illustrate, let's consider a predicate with a lower #$arity, say (#$mother CHILD MOM), which says that the mother of CHILD is MOM. The #$arg2Format for #$mother should be #$SingleEntry, since an animal can have only one biological mother. (2) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$SetTheFormat, then there may be any number of assertions with different terms in the third argument position, but sharing the same values for arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother should be #$SetTheFormat, since a female can have multiple children. (3) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$IntervalEntry, then there may be multiple assertions sharing the values of 1, 2, 4, and 5, but with different terms in the 3rd argument; however, all the values for the 3rd argument must be overlapping elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). E.g., the height of a person might be specified in several ways, with slightly different margins of error (or approximation), which is fine, but all those alternate values had better have SOME overlap since the person really just has one particular true height at any given time.") ;;; #$ForwardInferencePSC (#$isa #$ForwardInferencePSC #$ProblemSolvingCntxt) (#$genlMt #$ForwardInferencePSC #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$ForwardInferencePSC "The problem solving context which is used during forward inference.") ;;; #$Fragility (#$isa #$Fragility #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Fragility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Fragility #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Fragility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Fragility represents a specific property which determines how easily a physical object breaks. Different fragilities may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Fragilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$fragilityOfObject.") ;;; #$FrameOfReference (#$isa #$FrameOfReference #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FrameOfReference #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$FrameOfReference "A collection of geometric things. Each element of #$FrameOfReference is a representation of the context in which certain data are to be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a frame of reference.") ;;; #$FreeSheet (#$isa #$FreeSheet #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FreeSheet #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$FreeSheet "A collection of certain pieces of tangible stuff. A #$FreeSheet is a #$SheetOfSomeStuff which has two sides open to the environment. I.e. over most of each of its surfaces, it is not #$sheetSurfaceConnected with something else.") ;;; #$Freezing (#$isa #$Freezing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Freezing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Freezing #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Freezing #$Translocation) (#$comment #$Freezing "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$SolidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$Frequency (#$isa #$Frequency #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Frequency #$Rate) (#$genls #$Frequency #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Frequency "A collection of physical attributes; a subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Frequency is a measurement of the number of times something happens during some time interval. Elements of #$Frequency may be either fixed values, such as 103 kiloHertz, or a range, such as #$Yearly, #$Hourly, or #$Rarely. See #$UnitOfFrequency for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Frequency, e.g. (#$TimesPerSecond 35), (#$KiloHertz 103). Instances of #$Frequency are important in the characterization of types of #$WavePropagation.") ;;; #$Fried (#$isa #$Fried #$PreparationAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Fried #$Cooked) (#$comment #$Fried "The attribute #$Fried is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Fried has been prepared in an event of #$Frying.") ;;; #$Friendliness (#$isa #$Friendliness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Friendliness #$Affection) (#$genls #$Friendliness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Friendliness "Emotion manifested by interest in another person (or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Friendliness are #$Love and #$Love-Romantic.") ;;; #$FrontSide (#$isa #$FrontSide #$RegionType) (#$genls #$FrontSide #$Side) (#$comment #$FrontSide "The collection of all the entire front sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction.") ;;; #$Fruit (#$isa #$Fruit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Fruit #$PlantPart) (#$comment #$Fruit "A subset of #$PlantPart. Each element of #$Fruit is a plant structure that contains the seeds of angiosperms. Many fruits have fleshy walls having high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers).") ;;; #$FruitFn (#$isa #$FruitFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$FruitFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$FruitFn #$Fruit) (#$arg1Isa #$FruitFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$FruitFn #$Plant) (#$comment #$FruitFn "#$FruitFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, which is used to denote the various natural kinds of fruit. #$FruitFn takes a single plant collection as its argument and returns the collection of fruits of that type of plant. (#$FruitFn PLANTTYPE) denotes the collection of all fruits from the elements of PLANTTYPE. Examples: (#$FruitFn #$AppleTree) denotes the collection of apples (corresponds to #$Apple-TheFruit); (#$FruitFn #$CashewTree) denotes the fruit of the cashew tree (note this does NOT correspond with #$Cashew-TheNut; the red pulpy fruit is used to make cashew wine).") ;;; #$Frustration (#$isa #$Frustration #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Frustration #$Dissatisfaction) (#$comment #$Frustration "A feeling of irritation and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Frying (#$isa #$Frying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Frying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Frying #$CookingFood) (#$comment #$Frying "Cooking food by partial or total immersion in hot oil until desired level of doneness") ;;; #$FullTime (#$isa #$FullTime #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$FullTime "Attribute of being a full-time worker.") ;;; #$FullUseRights (#$isa #$FullUseRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$FullUseRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that if the #$Agent has this right to the object, it does not place any restrictions on what the #$Agent may do with the object. If there are restrictions on what the #$Agent may do with the object, they arise from other sources, such as formal and informal laws of behavior. E.g., even if you have #$FullUseRights to your car, you can't violate traffic laws, kill people with it, blow it up in a parking lot, etc.") ;;; #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (#$isa #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$genls #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$comment #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities "A collection of mathematical functions. Each element of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities is a function that takes one or more numbers as its arguments, and it returns a number as its value. Examples: subtraction (#$DifferenceFn), square root (#$SqrtFn), absolute value (#$AbsoluteValueFn), and logarithm (#$LogFn).") ;;; #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate (#$isa #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate #$Relationship) (#$comment #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate is either a function or else a predicate which is functional in at least one argument place (see also #$FunctionalPredicate). Examples: #$SkolemFunction, #$IntervalMaxFn, #$ElectricalPotentialDifference, #$revenueFrom, #$costRateForType, #$permeabilityOfSubstThroSubst.") ;;; #$FunctionTheMathematicalType (#$isa #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$RelationType) (#$isa #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate) (#$genls #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$Relationship) (#$comment #$FunctionTheMathematicalType "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$FunctionTheMathematicalType takes some arguments and returns a unique value. Examples: #$TimeElapsedFn, #$IntervalMaxFn, #$SkolemFunction, #$PlusFn. Note that #$Predicate is a subset of #$FunctionTheMathematicalType, because predicates can be thought of as functions that return only (either) true or false.") ;;; #$FunctionalPredicate (#$isa #$FunctionalPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FunctionalPredicate #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate) (#$comment #$FunctionalPredicate "#$FunctionalPredicate is the collection of Cyc predicates which are functional in at least one argument place. Given a set of legal arguments for such a predicate's other argument positions, there will be a single value for the functional argument -- not two legal values, and not zero legal values. For example, (#$mother CHILD MOM) is functional in its second argument, since every animal has one and only one biological mother.") ;;; #$FunctionalSlot (#$isa #$FunctionalSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$FunctionalSlot #$ProtheticSlot) (#$genls #$FunctionalSlot #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$comment #$FunctionalSlot "A collection of predicates; a subset of #$FunctionalPredicate. Each element of #$FunctionalSlot is a binary predicate which is also a function, and in which the second of its two arguments is the functional one. A functional predicate F is an element of #$FunctionalSlot if and only if, in assertions of the form (F X Y), for any legal value of X, there is always exactly one value of Y. #$FunctionalSlot is half of the set intersection of #$BinaryPredicate and #$FunctionalPredicate, namely for the cases where the second of the two arguments is the functional one. Examples: #$latitude, #$countryOfAddress, #$stateOfDevice, #$femaleParentActor.") ;;; #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType (#$isa #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$comment #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes, including #$Distance, #$Time, #$Currency, #$Mass, etc. The types of attributes in this collection are `fundamental' when contrasted with other attributes which are derived from them (such as #$Volume, #$Speed, etc.). Cf. #$DerivedNumericAttributeType.") ;;; #$Fungus (#$isa #$Fungus #$BiologicalKingdom) (#$genls #$Fungus #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$Fungus "The collection of fungi, the stationary, saprophytic, and symbiotic or parasitic eukaryotic organisms constituting an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom in many systems of classification. #$Fungus includes as subsets the collections #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus. Unlike most other instances of #$Plant, mushrooms are incapable of performing processes of #$Photosynthesis.") ;;; #$FurniturePiece (#$isa #$FurniturePiece #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FurniturePiece #$HOCObject) (#$genls #$FurniturePiece #$PhysicalDevice) (#$genls #$FurniturePiece #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$FurniturePiece "A collection of durable artifacts which are used in #$HumanShelterConstructions to make human dwelling places more comfortable. An instance of #$FurniturePiece is a whole piece of furniture, such as a table, chair, or chest of drawers; an arm of a sofa is not a #$FurniturePiece. Its subsets can be classified according to the main functions their elements serve: (1) providing support for people's bodies while they are seated or reclining (e.g., #$Bed-PieceOfFurniture, #$Sofa-PieceOfFurniture, #$FootStool, #$FixedTheatreSeat); (2) providing work/action surfaces (e.g., #$Desk-PieceOfFurniture, #$DiningRoomTable); (3) providing organized and/or protective storage for people's stuff (e.g., #$Dresser-PieceOfFurniture, #$Bookcase-PieceOfFurniture); (4) providing extra illumination or some other function in living and work areas (e.g., #$ElectricLamp). Most pieces of furniture belong to the collection #$NonPoweredDevice (q.v.) in that they don't need any energy input in order to do their function. Note: Yes, of course lamps, fancy console TVs, hospital beds, etc. are exceptions to that last rule -- they require power. But in a sense they are really objects performing multiple independent functions. A fancy console TV is a piece of furniture even when it's turned off; it just so happens to fulfill two roles, one as a piece of furniture and one as an appliance. When it's turned on, in fact, its users are intended to stop noticing it as a piece of furniture.)") ;;; #$FusionEvent (#$isa #$FusionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$FusionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$FusionEvent #$CreationEvent) (#$comment #$FusionEvent "A collection of events. In each #$FusionEvent, two or more objects fuse together, yielding a product.") ;;; #$GainingUserRights (#$isa #$GainingUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$GainingUserRights #$TransferIn) (#$genls #$GainingUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$comment #$GainingUserRights "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GainingUserRights, some #$Agent gains possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent newly acquires a right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$toPossessor (i.e., the one to whom the possession comes). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., buying a car is done on purpose, but receiving a car as a gift isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$GainingUserRights.") ;;; #$GammaRay (#$isa #$GammaRay #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$GammaRay #$ElectromagneticRadiation) (#$comment #$GammaRay "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$GammaRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength less than 1x10^-2 #$Angstroms. Low power #$GammaRays overlap with high power #$XRays.") ;;; #$GaseousFn (#$isa #$GaseousFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$GaseousFn #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$resultGenl #$GaseousFn #$GaseousTangibleThing) (#$arg1Isa #$GaseousFn #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$GaseousFn "A #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$GaseousFn takes as an argument a collection COL, membership in which is based only on physical and/or chemical composition and not on any other property (see #$TangibleStuffCompositionType). (#$GaseousFn COL) is the collection of elements of COL that are in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$GaseousStateOfMatter (#$isa #$GaseousStateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$GaseousStateOfMatter "A basic physical state of matter. Gaseous objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by having diffuse boundaries (when outside of containers) and by great expandability and compressibility and (in some cases) combustability. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: the Earth's ionosphere; the helium in a child's balloon; the highly compressed air in a diver's scuba tank.") ;;; #$GaseousTangibleThing (#$isa #$GaseousTangibleThing #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$GaseousTangibleThing #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$GaseousTangibleThing "A collection of tangible substances. Each element of #$GaseousTangibleThing is a tangible thing which is in a #$GaseousStateOfMatter; i.e., its shapes would completely conform to the boundaries of a vessel containing it, and it is compressible. Examples: #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, the helium filling a child's balloon, a cloud of poisonous gas released from an Iraqi weapons dump during the Gulf War. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing, #$LiquidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$GenValueFn (#$isa #$GenValueFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$GenValueFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$GenValueFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$GenValueFn #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg2Isa #$GenValueFn #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$GenValueFn #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$GenValueFn "#$GenValueFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is used to denote an amount of a specified attribute that can be considered a generic value (very low, low, medium, high, or etc.) for members of the indicated group. Thus, (#$GenValueFn PRED COL GEN) denotes the amount which can be considered the GEN value of PRED for members of the #$Collection COL. Thus (#$GenValueFn #$heightOfObject #$BasketBallPlayer #$High) denotes the amount of distance which is a high height among basketball players. See also #$GenericAttribute.") ;;; #$GenderOfLivingThing (#$isa #$GenderOfLivingThing #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$isa #$GenderOfLivingThing #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType) (#$genls #$GenderOfLivingThing #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$GenderOfLivingThing "The collection of genders that organisms can have.") ;;; #$GeneralMicrotheory (#$isa #$GeneralMicrotheory #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$GeneralMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$GeneralMicrotheory #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$GeneralMicrotheory "The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with specific situations, such as instances of #$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the information content of one specific #$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of Independence. Examples of this collection are #$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt.") ;;; #$GeneralizedTransfer (#$isa #$GeneralizedTransfer #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$GeneralizedTransfer #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GeneralizedTransfer #$Event) (#$comment #$GeneralizedTransfer "This collection is a subset of #$Event. Each element of #$GeneralizedTransfer is a general kind of transfer event, in which something (tangible or intangible) is transferred from one `place' to another. #$GeneralizedTransfer includes changes in physical location, in ownership or possession, transfer of information, and propagation of wave phenomena through space. See also the related predicate #$transferredThing, and the specialized subsets of this collection.") ;;; #$GenericAttribute (#$isa #$GenericAttribute #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$GenericAttribute #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$GenericAttribute "#$GenericAttribute is a collection of basic attributes, such as #$Low, #$Medium, #$High, etc., which are applicable to a wide range of topics.") ;;; #$GenericValueFunction (#$isa #$GenericValueFunction #$RelationType) (#$genls #$GenericValueFunction #$ReifiableFunction) (#$genls #$GenericValueFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$comment #$GenericValueFunction "A collection of Cyc functions; a subset of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. Each element of #$GenericValueFunction is a function that can be applied to an element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType and returns some `generic' amount (e.g., high, medium, low) of that attribute. Such functions are particularly useful for qualitative, hard-to-quantify attribute types, e.g., #$Happiness, #$Fragility, #$Absorbency, #$Glamor, etc. They save us from having to create individually the various levels of attributes like #$Happiness, #$Fragility, etc. Instead, for example, we need only refer to (#$HighAmountFn #$Happiness) as an alternative to painstakingly reifying `HighHappiness' and hand-entering all the formulas that such a constant requires (e.g. #$isa, #$followingValue, etc.). The compositionality afforded by the elements of #$GenericValueFunction allows this overhead to be taken care of automatically.") ;;; #$GeneticCondition (#$isa #$GeneticCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$GeneticCondition #$ChronicCondition) (#$genls #$GeneticCondition #$CongenitalCondition) (#$genls #$GeneticCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$GeneticCondition "A collection of physiological conditions. An instance of #$GeneticCondition is an abnormal condition which developed in a particular organism due to that organism's genetic configuration. Such conditions are not contagious as infections are, but they may be hereditary. They are often harmful, in fact they are often #$AilmentConditions, such as encephalitis. Occasionally, though the mutation is beneficial, in which case it would be wrong to also label it an #$AilmentCondition.")